In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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