Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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