A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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