In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
Textbook
Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
Textbook
By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
Textbook
Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
Textbook
The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
Textbook
Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
Textbook
Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
Textbook
A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
Textbook
An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
Textbook
A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
Textbook
The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
Textbook
Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
Textbook
The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
Textbook
Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
Textbook
In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
Textbook
At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
Textbook
To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
Textbook
A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
Textbook
Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
Textbook
Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
Textbook
The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
Textbook
In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
Textbook
The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
Textbook
A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
Textbook
A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
Textbook
Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
Textbook
Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
Textbook
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Textbook
Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
Textbook
Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
Textbook
Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
Textbook
A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
Textbook
One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
Textbook
In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
Textbook
Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
Textbook
Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
Textbook
The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
Textbook
Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
Textbook
The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
Textbook
This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
Textbook