Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
Textbook
A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
Textbook
Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
Textbook
A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
Textbook
Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
Textbook
Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
Textbook
An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
Textbook
For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
Textbook
Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
Textbook
As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
Textbook
Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
Textbook
Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
Textbook
Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
Textbook
The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
Textbook
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
Textbook
A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
Textbook
A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
Textbook
A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
Textbook
A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
Textbook
Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
Textbook
By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
Textbook
Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
Textbook
In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
Textbook
The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
Textbook
The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
Textbook
An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
Textbook
An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
Textbook
An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
Textbook
Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
Textbook
“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
Textbook
In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
Textbook
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
Textbook
As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
Textbook
Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
Textbook
A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
Textbook
An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
Textbook
Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
Textbook
Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
Textbook
Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
Textbook
RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin