(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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