Textbook
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
Textbook
A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
Textbook
The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
Textbook
Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
Textbook
Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
Textbook
An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
Textbook
Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
Textbook
A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
Textbook
A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
Textbook
A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
Textbook
Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
Textbook
A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
Textbook
Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
Textbook
The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
Textbook
The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
Textbook
“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
Textbook
As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
Textbook
One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
Textbook
Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
Textbook
A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
Textbook
The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
Textbook
Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
Textbook
To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
Textbook
A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
Textbook
In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
Textbook
A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
Textbook
Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
Textbook
As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
Textbook
These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
Textbook
Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
Textbook
An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
Textbook
Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
Textbook
Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
Textbook
A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
Textbook
Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
Textbook
A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
Textbook
One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
Textbook
Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
Textbook
Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin