It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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