In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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