Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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