An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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