A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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