Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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