Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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