It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
Textbook
The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
Textbook
Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
Textbook
One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
Textbook
Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
Textbook
Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
Textbook
The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
Textbook
Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
Textbook
The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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