Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
Textbook
Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
Textbook
I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
Textbook
Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
Textbook
A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
Textbook
Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
Textbook
It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
Textbook
The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
Textbook
An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
Textbook
DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
Textbook
There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
Textbook
RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
Textbook
Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
Textbook
Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
Textbook
pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
Textbook
Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
Textbook
Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
Textbook
One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
Textbook
The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
Textbook
Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
Textbook
In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
Textbook
A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
Textbook
Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
Textbook
A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
Textbook
The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
Textbook
As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
Textbook
At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
Textbook
I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
Textbook
Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
Textbook
A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
Textbook
Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
Textbook
In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
Textbook
A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
Textbook
DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
Textbook
There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
Textbook
A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
Textbook
In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
Textbook
Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin