A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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