DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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