A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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