Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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