Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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