In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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