Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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