As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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