Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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