Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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