There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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