In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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