An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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