Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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