Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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