In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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