Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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