Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
Textbook
Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
Textbook
Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
Textbook
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
Textbook
A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
Textbook
Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
Textbook
An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
Textbook
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
Textbook
A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
Textbook
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
Textbook
In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
Textbook
Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
Textbook
The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
Textbook
There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
Textbook
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
Textbook
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
Textbook
There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
Textbook
Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
Textbook
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
Textbook
Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
Textbook
Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
Textbook
A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
Textbook
Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
Textbook
The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
Textbook
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
Textbook
An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
Textbook
The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
Textbook
A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
Textbook
As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
Textbook
Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
Textbook
A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
Textbook
Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
Textbook
Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
Textbook
Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
Textbook
A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
Textbook
As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
Textbook
There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
Textbook
The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
Textbook
The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
Textbook
Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin