Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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