Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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