Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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