Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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