Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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