Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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