The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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