A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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