pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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