Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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