Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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