Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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