The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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