A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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