The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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