Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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