The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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