The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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