One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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