A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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