While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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