One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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