pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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