A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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