The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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