Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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