Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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