In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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