The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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