Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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