Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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