Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
Textbook
Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
Textbook
A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
Textbook
Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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