Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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