Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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