A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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