Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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