A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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