One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
Textbook
A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
Textbook
An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
Textbook
Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
Textbook
“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
Textbook
Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
Textbook
At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
Textbook
Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
Textbook
The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
Textbook
Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
Textbook
Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
Textbook
Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
Textbook
Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
Textbook
I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
Textbook
An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
Textbook
There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
Textbook
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
Textbook
A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
Textbook
A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
Textbook
An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
Textbook
Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
Textbook
A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
Textbook
Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
Textbook
Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
Textbook
The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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