Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
Textbook
There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
Textbook
An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
Textbook
A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
Textbook
In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
Textbook
One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
Textbook
These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
Textbook
An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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