A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
Textbook
Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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