I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
Textbook
A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
Textbook
Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
Textbook
An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
Textbook
I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
Textbook
One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
Textbook
There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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