Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
Textbook
Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
Textbook
The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
Textbook
An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
Textbook
In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
Textbook
A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
Textbook
Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
Textbook
Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
Textbook
One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
Textbook
There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
Textbook
A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
Textbook
Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
Textbook
At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
Textbook
An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
Textbook
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
Textbook
I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
Textbook
Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
Textbook
A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
Textbook
Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
Textbook
These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
Textbook
One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
Textbook
Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
Textbook
To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
Textbook
In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
Textbook
A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
Textbook
A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
Textbook
An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
Textbook
A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
Textbook
A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
Textbook
A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
Textbook
An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
Textbook
Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
Textbook
The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
Textbook
Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
Textbook
These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
Textbook
Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
Textbook
One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
Textbook
An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
Textbook
I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
Textbook
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin