Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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