A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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