Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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