The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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