The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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