“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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