“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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