“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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