“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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