RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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