RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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