Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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