“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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