“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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