“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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