“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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