“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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