“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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