Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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