In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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