Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
Textbook
In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
Textbook
There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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