A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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