Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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