In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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