In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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