Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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