Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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