One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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