In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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