One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
Textbook
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Textbook
An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
Textbook
There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
Textbook
A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
Textbook
PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
Textbook
An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
Textbook
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Textbook
Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
Textbook
Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
Textbook
These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
Textbook
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Textbook
As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
Textbook
A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
Textbook
There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
Textbook
So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
Textbook
The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
Textbook
A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
Textbook
One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
Textbook
Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
Textbook
In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
Textbook
Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
Textbook
To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
Textbook
A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
Textbook
A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
Textbook
In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
Textbook
The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
Textbook
Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
Textbook
pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
Textbook
So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
Textbook
Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
Textbook
A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
Textbook
Textbook
As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
Textbook
Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
Textbook
Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
Textbook
Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
Textbook
The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
Textbook
As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
Textbook
A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin