There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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