An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
Textbook
A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
Textbook
Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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