Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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