Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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