An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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