Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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