By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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