One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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