In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
Textbook
An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
Textbook
Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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