Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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