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Textbook
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
Textbook
An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
Textbook
All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
Textbook
The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
Textbook
As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Textbook
Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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