The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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