Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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