Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
Textbook
The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
Textbook
The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
Textbook
Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
Textbook
Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
Textbook
Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
Textbook
A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
Textbook
The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
Textbook
DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
Textbook
One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
Textbook
Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
Textbook
A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
Textbook
PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
Textbook
The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
Textbook
The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
Textbook
One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
Textbook
A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
Textbook
A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
Textbook
An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
Textbook
Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
Textbook
The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
Textbook
A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
Textbook
A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
Textbook
A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
Textbook
Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
Textbook
The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
Textbook
As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
Textbook
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Textbook
Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
Textbook
Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
Textbook
The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
Textbook
PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
Textbook
An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
Textbook
To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
Textbook
A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
Textbook
Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
Textbook
Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
Textbook
The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
Textbook
Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
Textbook
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
Textbook
A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
Textbook
A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
Textbook
An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
Textbook
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
Textbook
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Textbook
In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
Textbook
Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
Textbook
By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin