A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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