A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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