One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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