Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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