Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
Textbook
Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
Textbook
Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
Textbook
Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
Textbook
A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
Textbook
A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
Textbook
Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
Textbook
Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
Textbook
The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
Textbook
There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
Textbook
There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
Textbook
In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
Textbook
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Textbook
Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
Textbook
A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
Textbook
Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
Textbook
The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
Textbook
In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
Textbook
A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
Textbook
“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
Textbook
Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
Textbook
A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
Textbook
A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
Textbook
Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
Textbook
A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
Textbook
All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
Textbook
Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
Textbook
In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
Textbook
The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
Textbook
The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
Textbook
The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
Textbook
The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
Textbook
In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
Textbook
Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
Textbook
Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
Textbook
To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
Textbook
As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
Textbook
Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
Textbook
Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
Textbook
The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
Textbook