Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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