Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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