The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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