As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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