There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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