As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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