Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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