A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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