Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
Textbook
I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
Textbook
Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
Textbook
Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
Textbook
Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
Textbook
Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
Textbook
One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
Textbook
In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
Textbook
An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
Textbook
These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
Textbook
An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
Textbook
Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
Textbook
A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
Textbook
At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
Textbook
The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
Textbook
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
Textbook
Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
Textbook
A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
Textbook
There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
Textbook
A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
Textbook
In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
Textbook
So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
Textbook
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Textbook
In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
Textbook
Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
Textbook
Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
Textbook
This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
Textbook
In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
Textbook
The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
Textbook
“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
Textbook
An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
Textbook
The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
Textbook
A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
Textbook
Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
Textbook
A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
Textbook
Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
Textbook
Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
Textbook
Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
Textbook
In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
Textbook
Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
Textbook
A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
Textbook
The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
Textbook
The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
Textbook
Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
Textbook
While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
Textbook
This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
Textbook
A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
Textbook
Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
Textbook
Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
Textbook
A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
Textbook
Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
Textbook
A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
Textbook
The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
Textbook
A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
Textbook
Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
Textbook
A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
Textbook
Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
Textbook
Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
Textbook
Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
Textbook
The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
Textbook