A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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