Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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