Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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