The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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