Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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