Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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