For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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