For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
Textbook
As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
Textbook
While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
Textbook
One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
Textbook
In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
Textbook
The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
Textbook
Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
Textbook
A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
Textbook
Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
Textbook
Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
Textbook
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Textbook
Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
Textbook
A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
Textbook
What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
Textbook
Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
Textbook
First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
Textbook
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Textbook
Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
Textbook
A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
Textbook
The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
Textbook