“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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