A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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