Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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