Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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