In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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