For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
Textbook
While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
Textbook
To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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