An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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