A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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