Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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