All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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