An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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