Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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