The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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