A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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