As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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