An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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