“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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