“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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