“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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