“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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