“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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