“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
Textbook
The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
Textbook
A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
Textbook
A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
Textbook
A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
Textbook
“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
Textbook
Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
Textbook
To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
Textbook
In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
Textbook
The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
Textbook
The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
Textbook
A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
Textbook
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
Textbook
The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
Textbook
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
Textbook
PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
Textbook
A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
Textbook
Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
Textbook
A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
Textbook
It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
Textbook
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin