Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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