A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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