Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
Textbook
An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
Textbook
A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
Textbook
Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
Textbook
A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
Textbook
Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
Textbook
The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
Textbook
A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
Textbook
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
Textbook
Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
Textbook
A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
Textbook
All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
Textbook
RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
Textbook
Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
Textbook
It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
Textbook
Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
Textbook
The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
Textbook
Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
Textbook
In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
Textbook
Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin