To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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