Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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