There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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