There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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