Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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