Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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