There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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