There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
Textbook
At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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