Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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