The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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