This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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