An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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