Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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