The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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