Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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