Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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