While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
Textbook
Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
Textbook
Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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