A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
Textbook
An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
Textbook
An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
Textbook
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
Textbook
Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
Textbook
Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
Textbook
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
Textbook
Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
Textbook
The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
Textbook
While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
Textbook
All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
Textbook
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
Textbook
Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
Textbook
Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
Textbook
Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
Textbook
The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
Textbook
Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
Textbook
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Textbook
While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
Textbook
There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
Textbook
Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
Textbook
Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
Textbook
Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
Textbook
The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
Textbook
The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
Textbook
There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
Textbook
As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
Textbook
Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
Textbook
A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
Textbook
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
Textbook
Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
Textbook
“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
Textbook
Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
Textbook
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
Textbook
A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
Textbook
The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
Textbook
An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
Textbook
When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
Textbook
As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
Textbook
In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
Textbook
An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
Textbook
As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
Textbook
In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
Textbook
Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
Textbook
Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
Textbook
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Textbook
Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
Textbook
Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
Textbook
The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
Textbook
Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
Textbook
“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
Textbook
A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
Textbook
Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
Textbook
Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
Textbook
A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
Textbook
Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
Textbook
A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
Textbook
One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
Textbook
Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
Textbook
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin