When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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