Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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