As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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