I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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