Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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