There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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