The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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