In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
Textbook
Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
Textbook
A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
Textbook
One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
Textbook
The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
Textbook
Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
Textbook
Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
Textbook
A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
Textbook
PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
Textbook
“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
Textbook
A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
Textbook
Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
Textbook
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
Textbook
Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
Textbook
The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
Textbook
Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
Textbook
A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
Textbook
An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
Textbook
The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
Textbook
One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
Textbook
“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
Textbook
In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
Textbook
In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
Textbook
A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
Textbook
Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
Textbook
Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
Textbook
Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
Textbook
Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
Textbook
Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
Textbook
A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
Textbook
Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
Textbook
Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
Textbook
Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
Textbook
In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
Textbook
A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
Textbook
To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
Textbook
A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
Textbook
One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
Textbook
“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
Textbook
Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin