The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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