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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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