An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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