A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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