A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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