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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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