An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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