Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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