Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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