One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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