Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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