Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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