Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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