Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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