The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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