Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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