In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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