(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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