The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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