One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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