There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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