Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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