Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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