Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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