A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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