Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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