Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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