Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
Textbook
Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
Textbook
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