There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
Textbook
“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
Textbook
While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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