Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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